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George Palmer (colour theorist)
George Palmer (ca. 1746 – March 3, 1826), also known as George Giros de Gentilly, named Palmer) was an English dye chemist, colour theorist, inventor, and soldier. He is best known for his conjectures about colour vision and colour blindness.
==Life==
According to statements in his Copenhagen obituary, Palmer was born on an English ship to English parents of Catholic faith. Owing to the 18th century restrictions on activities of English Catholics, Palmer, as many others of his time, lived a double life between England and France. Nothing is known about his early years. Palmer reports to have witnessed the destructive fire at the Hôtel-Dieu de Paris in 1772, at approximate age 26.〔Palmer, G. 1803, ''Incendies. Poudre antiincendiaire et preservative decouverte et publiee en Decembre 1802 a Wolfenbutel''. Leipzig: Wolf.〕
Circa 1775 he introduced a solution of tin as a new mordant for the dyeing of wool fabrics in Louviers, France, using the last name Giros de Gentilly.〔Berthollet, C. I. and Berthollet, A. B. 1804. ''Elements de l'art de la teinture'', 2nd ed., Paris: Firmin Didot.〕〔Macquer, P. J. 1781. ''Memoires des Sieurs Maille freres et de Lafosse, manufacturiers de drap a Louviers'', Aug. 3, 1781, Document No. 5315, Box F12/1334B, Archives Nationales de France, Paris.〕 In 1777, located in London, he published ''Theory of Colours and Vision'', a French edition of which, translated by Denis-Bernard Quatremere d'Isjonval, was published in the same year in Paris. The translator was active at the time as director in the textile manufacturing facility Disjonval in Sedan, France, co-owned by his family.〔Palmer, G. 1777a. ''Theory of Colour and Vision'', London: Leacroft.〕〔Palmer, G. 1777b. ''Theorie du couleur et de la vision'', translated by D.-B. Quatremere d'Isjonval, Paris: Pissot.〕 In the same year Palmer also invented a fawn-colored dye in London.〔Voigt, J. H. 1781. Des Herrn Giros von Gentilly Muthmassungen ueber die Gesichtsfehler bey Untersuchung der Farben, ''Magazin fuer das Neueste aus der Physik und Naturgeschichte'', Vol. 1 (2. St.) 57–61.〕 In 1781 J. H Voigt of Gotha, Germany, editor of ''Magazin fuer das Neueste aus der Physik und Naturgeschichte'', a scientific review journal, describes meeting with Giros von Gentilly and the latter's conjectures about color blindness.〔Palmer, G. 1793. Letter dated June 19, 1793. Letter from Lord Hervey including two letters in French and two samples by G. Palmer about his yellow dye, Royal Society for the encouragement of Arts, Trades, and Manufactures, London, Ref. No.: PR-MC/105/10/452.〕 In 1785 Palmer, living in Paris, had ''Lettre sur les moyens de produire, la nuit, une lumiere pareille a celle du jour'' published.〔Palmer, G. 1785. ''Lettre sur les moyens de produire, la nuit, une lumiere pareille a celle du jour'', Paris.〕 In it he described the modification of oil lamp light with a blue glass mantel, resulting in the approximation of daylight. He became acquainted with Antoine-Arnoult Quinquet (1745–1803) and his partner Ambroise Bonaventure Lange, producers of a dual-air current (Argand-style) oil lamp and formed a partnership with the former.〔Anonymous, 1786. ''Journal de Paris'', No. 350, Dec. 16, 1786, p. 1449.〕 Introduction of the Quinquet-Lange lamp in Paris was the cause of Benjamin Franklin's famous letter on the subject of daylight saving time to the editor of ''Journal de Paris''.〔Anonymous (Benjamin Franklin), 1784. ''Journal de Paris'', April 26, pp. 511–514.〕 In 1786 Palmer published ''Theorie de la lumiere, applicable aux arts, et principalement a la peinture''.〔Palmer, G. 1786. ''Theorie de la lumiere, applicable aux arts, et principalement a la peinture'', Paris: Harduin et Gattey, Quinquet.〕 Toward the end of that decade Palmer became a mercenary soldier in the Corps of Engineers, at different times for Sweden, Austria, and Russia, reaching the rank of Major, as described in his obituary. In 1803 he published in Leipzig four short works on various inventions, one being a fire-extinguishing powder. A demonstration in a pharmacy of the use of the powder was described in a Niedersachsen newspaper.〔Anonymous, 1803. Palmers feuerloeschendes Pulver, ''Niedersaechsischer Anzeiger fuer alle Staende'', No. 3, pp. 34–37.
〕 In 1811 Palmer moved to Copenhagen into retirement and died there destitute in 1826.〔Thaarup, F. 1826. ''Dagen newspaper'', Copenhagen, No. 66 (March 18), No. 68 (March 21) and No. 70 (March 23).〕
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